trace element nutrition

Recent reports of ice XIc corroborated my discovery of its phase transition at 72 K. Crystallizing in liquid nitrogen on Earth’s poles during a primordial ice-age, temperature fluctuations released ~ 4μ laser light.Polarized by multiple reflections in cloud and surface ice, it selectively activated nucleotides in tropical waters, creating chiral DNA. Some formedtransport DNAs, tDNAssharing transfer RNA’s H-bond-lined holes.Embedding in primitive cell membranes,laser light drove the active transport of charged carrier-substrate complexes through them. Concentration promoted their metabolism, a replicate tDNA signaled life’s origin. Complementing barrels of α-helical protein,sufficient Ca, K, Mn, I, Cu, F, Zn, Ag and Se and controlling acid air pollution would counter maladies associated with Western diets. Hairpin proteins predating the evolution of ribosome neutralized DNA’s acidity, binding uncoiled DNA to form minions. They pack DNA on chromosomes and facilitate their replication. Proton-ordered arrays of H-bonds on minion surfaces serve as biological clocks, ‘Chips in the brain’ and govern nine independent metabolic pathways. This paper addresses some consequences.


Introduction
( Figure 1) shows the phase transition at 72 K in proton-ordered ice XIc releasing ~ 4µ infrared laser light, ice-light. Ice XIc crystallized in liquid nitrogen on Earth's poles during a primordial ice-age and temperature fluctuations drove its transition. Polarized by multiple reflections, ice-light reached Darwin's warm tropical waters. There, lightening synthesized deoxy-nucleotidesand it photo-phosphorylated them, polymerizing to form chiral DNA.Some formed transfer RNA analogues, transport DNAs, tDNAs, sharing their H-bond-lined hole.TDNAslined pores throughcoacervate proto-cell membranes. Ice-light powered a ratchet mechanism importing charged carrier-substrate complexes to them. Now some 2,000 tDNAscomplementing barrels of α-helical protein control nine parallel pathways. Diets need satisfytheir requirements to maintain health.Alternate neutral and basic [A, L, I | V and K | R] residues form anti-parallel β-pleated-sheet protein hairpins holding uncoiled B-helical DNA flat. P createsa 17 ̊ bend between adjacent unitsto forms a twenty-one-unit coil, degrading to a nucleosome core particle, NCP on extraction. The Fs in gramicidin Sare analogous to bases.Further protein hairpins binding nine coilscomplete a minion. Stacked minionspack better than NCPs, predictingtheir dimensions andreplicating 1,701 base-pairs withoutuncoiling or recoiling. H-bonds between bases, across pleated sheets and connecting ω-amines to phosphates hold minions together. The latter are concatenated and oscillate, accelerating protons along adjacent tunnels, T. Their default settings are retained, storing intellectual data; their progress measures the passage of time. Protons fuse with obstructing nuclei, driving the carbon-nitrogen cycle andemitting γ-rays with periods and frequencies matching those of pulsars.

Bioenergetics
( Figure 2)illustrates aspects of biological energy. The water molecules in ice XIc adopt the same positions as carbon atoms in diamond.Each water molecule is a dipole, they all point the same way, during the ice XIc phase transition, the ice crystal expands along its x-/y-axes and contracts along the z-axis to accommodate theirirregular tetrahedral shape.The latent energy it releasesdrove life's origin. The three-stage cytochrome chain splits the energy released by the Krebs cycle oxidizing carbohydrates. Cholinesterase release choline from acetylcholine, its uptake changes membrane potential.

Active transport
Differentiation DNAs, dDNAs selectfrom the 2000 tD-NAsembeddedin every cell membrane determine cell diet, analogous to messenger RNAs selecting tRNAs for protein synthesis. Nine independent metabolic systems involvingan endocrine gland, charged carrier-substrate complex, tDNAs, and dDNAscontrol: motility, sensitivity, excretion, respiration, growth, bones and teeth, assimilation, reproduction and water transport. (Table 1) shows Mendeleev's periodic table, highlightingessential, toxic and unused elements. Sufficient dietary calcium, potassium, manganese, iodine, copper, fluorine, zinc, silver and selenium prevent common mental and physical disorders. ( Figure 3) shows the oxidation ofsulfur in hepatic glutathione to formsulfite. SO 3 = exchanges Mg ++ for Ca ++ . Magnesium cofactors enzymes catalyzing ATP hydrolysis. They release phosphodiester, Pi~ Pibond energy asλ ~ 4 μ photons. Cell organelles affordresonant cavities mediating biological energy coupling more efficiently than mechanisms subject to thermodynamics.At cell division, centrioles' nine components concentrate P i~ P i bond energy, it's transmitted to chromosomes along the conjugated α-helical H-bond chains of spindle fibers to centrosomes.Protons accelerated along concatenated minion H-bond tunnels create alternating magnetic forces with frequencies determined by chromosome length, driving daughter chromosomes apart.Sarcomeres of striated muscle contracting to form ½-wave resonant cavities forλis more efficient than Huxley's sliding filament modeldependent on random engagements between actin and myosin [1].The grana of chloroplasts are commensurate with sunlight wavelengths, resonating for photosynthesis. The cytochrome chain splits light quanta to λ stored in ATP.The conjugated [C-C=C] nbonds of vitamin A isomer retinal[2]conduct energy from intra-cellular sources as solitons
Sensitivity ( Figure 4)shows sodium ions have the same shape and size as water molecules, such large hydrates as Na + .28H2O make the cell sap viscous. Since potassium ions bind less water, substituting K + for Na + speeds reactions, explaining the fight or flight reaction [4]. Catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine form 4-/6-member rings aroundNa + /K + , exchanging 3 Na + for 2 K+at synaptic junctions [5]. This enablesinter-minion information exchange and pain transmission.Substituting codeine or morphine creates larger complexes, preventing pain transmission by blockingt DNAs. The enrolments of more tDNAsto compensate increases pain sensitivity. Further drug consumption alleviates it, explainingaddiction [6].The differentiated brainareas (basis for the neural network model) employ different neurotransmitters. L Dopa corrects dopamine deficiency, countering Parkinson's disease [7].   Figure 5 shows how littoral seaweeds' purple and yellow colors reflect those of iodinium, I + and I -. The I + - [O 2 .H 2 O] 2 complex protects them from tidal fluctuations in oxygenconcentration. Iodine deficiency causes goiter [10] and the complex caries water into the aqueous humor causingexopthalmos.Nerve cell oxygen uptake is disrupted my mutant tDNAs, explaining bipolar disorder [11]. Mania and depression correlate with excess and deficient oxygenation. Lithium,diagonally related to iodine in the periodic table, stabilizesoxygen transport,and excesscan cause kidney failure. tDNAdrives proton transport binding nitrogen to nicotinamide, it fixes nitrogen more efficiently than the Haber process [12]. Parallel reaction photolyzed water, introducing the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere [13]. This tDNAreleases nitric oxide, controlling vasodilation andcyanidepoisons it.

Growth
The liver inter-converts amino acids [14] ensuring a balanced mixture for the brain. The anterior pituitary packs somatotropin with copper for distribution throughout the body, promoting enzyme catalysis. Any metabolic disruptioncan signal somatotropin release, stimulating the hypothalamus to issue somatomedins suppling copper to endocrine glands, their hormones alert all body cells [15], an exquisitely tuned feedback reaction.Differentiation DNAs selecttDNAs determining cell diet whichcontrols metabolism, analogous to mRNAs selecting transfer RNAs for protein synthesis. tDNAs facing blastula and gastrula at cell divisionare starved of nutrients. Adenylcyclase driven substrate transport is replaced by guanylcyclase synthesizing hook proteins. They pair, binding sister cells together, determining tissue morphology.Stem cells lack hooks, gametes and leucocytes have 1, spirogyra filaments 2, sponge sheets 3 and bi-layered worms 4. 5 hooks suffice to form all body tissues and limit their growth. A 6thhooks arising enables neoplastic growths unless 1-hook leucocytes digest them.

Bone and tooth maintenance
Fluorine maintains bones and teeth, preventing bone fracture, osteoporosis and dental caries. The stability of fluorspar illustrates the affinity of Ca for F [18]. Silicon hexafluoride, SiF6= transports apatite and fluorapatite across osteoblast and osteoclast membranes. The ~265 nm UV light stored in vitamin D has energy matching that of Si ~ F bonds [19]. Continuous secretion of parathyroid hormone, PTH prevents toxic F-accumulation [20]. Retinal transfers energy as solitons, driving the pH sensitive reaction: SiO 2 + 6F -+ 4H + + UV → SiF 6 = + 2H 2 O Acid conditions in kidney failure and at menopause cause osteoporosis [21].Phosphate is scarce for plant life, they use silica to build their hard parts, apatite transports SiO 2 , diatomaceous earthpreserves their fossilized remains [22]. SO x or NOx air pollutionentering the stomata of forest trees causes leaf-fall [23]. Liming the soil has no effect, reducing interest in its regulation. SOx or NO x air pollutionpromotes inappropriate SiF 6 = synthesis in the nasal fossa and olfactorynerves deliver it to the brain. There its breakdown releases Fand deposits aluminosilicate plaques. F-Disrupts the citric acid cycle, progressively killing cells. It also disrupts protein folding [24] as nascent proteins pass through tD-NAs, creating β-amyloid and -protein tangles. Mutant tRNAs misinterpreting mRNA sequences create similar tangles in prion diseases [25], embedded tRNAs render them infectious. Fluorinated anesthetics, typically administered for hip replacement, relieve Alzheimer Disease symptoms four days later [26].

Kidneys excretion of AlF 6
≡ is accompanied by brain clear-ance of F -. Acid air pollution control or a pharmaceutical delivering F to the brain might manage the condition.Other pathologies include vitamin D deficiency causing rickets, F-supplements might prove more effective than UV lamps, sunlight and cod liver oil [27]. Fluoridation of water suppliessubstitutesFfor OH -, hardening tooth enamel and preventing dental caries [28]. Excess Fcan cause fluorosis, tea supplies adequate F -[29], (Figure 7).

Assimilation
Transporting the Zn ++ -β -D glucose complex controlscarbohydrate metabolism. Pancreatic α-and β-cells release glucagon and insulin, insulin delivers Zn and glucagon clears it. Zn ++ binds to the triangle of sweetness [30]. Defective glucose transport causes diabetes, implanting a Zn monitor might help manage it. Zn determines appetites for food and sex [31], anticipating food promotes insulin secretion, anorexia nervosa and bulimia respond to Zn supplements.Breathing oxygen initiates adult hemoglobin replacing the fetal form, releasing bilirubin. The Zn in colostrum conjugates it, preventing neonatal jaundice [32]. Zn in the traditional midwife's pewter spoon was as effective as current exposure to blue light. Zn deficiency prevented OH-proline incorporation to collagen, causing sailors' scurvy, the vitamin C in limes prevented it [33]. ZnS, the active ingredient of Calamine™ lotion, works the same way.Vitamin C derivative 2-keto-Lgulonate takes Zn where insulin can't reach. The vitamin C supplements Linus Pauling advocated prevents rhinovirus entry to nasal tDNAs [34]. The Zn in caviar increases libido and Cu in coil contraceptives competing with Zn inhibits sperm glucose uptake, preventing fertilization. Alcohol consumption and barbiturates cause Zn transfer to cofactor hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase for detoxification [35], reduced brain Zn supply starves it of glucose, causing inebriation. Better Zn nutrition might manage alcoholism.Beryllium, lead and indium, Be ++ , Pb ++ and In ++ mimic Zn ++ , Victorians used beryllium as a poison, calling it glucinium for its sweet taste [36]. Using lead acetate as a sweetener killed ancient Romans. Indium is diagonally related to zinc in the periodic table, it may mediate endocrine gland divalent ion uptake, (Figure 8).

Reproduction
Serotonin forms 6-member rings around Ag + , c.f. K + -adrena-line6. Exchanging creatine for creatinine replenishes ATP. Retinal transfers solitons from pink Ag porphyrin, converting P i to PP i . The PP i -Arg2 complexdelivers the atomic ingredients (24H, 12C, 11O, 8N and 2P) for DNA replication at cell division, anti-cancer drugs canaverine, aminoimidazole, dacarbazine and chloroplatinate mimic it. Ag was used in medicine before antibiotics were introduced [37]. Ag colloid successfully treated animal cancer, suggesting its reinstatement [38], (Figure 9). The best evidence is the persistent correlation between breast cancer distribution and surface geology [43]. Hard water percolating through sedimentary and igneous rocks incorporates remnants of early selenium-dependent life,it's preferable to soft water, seafloor manganese nodules also evidence selenium-dependency. Animal husbandry affords much evidence [44]:The sulfur in superphosphate fertilizer competes with it, causing white muscle disease in sheep, selenium deficient pregnant cattle suffer hypertension and swine get heart failure en route to market, (Figure 10).

Conclusion
Provision of limes to mariners for preventing scurvy, iodine for goiter, cod liver oil for rickets and fluoridation for dental caries are precedents for selenium supplementation to prevent heart attacks and common cancers.Research focused on enzyme-catalyzed metabolism ignores underlying biochemistry, attention to dietary nutrient content ensures health and longevity.