Food Insecurity and Poor Complementary Feeding Practice Among Young Children in South Africa
Samuel Nambile Cumber1*, Shalom Jaila2,
Nancy Bongkiynuy2
1Department of Nursing & Public Health, University of
Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
2Underprivileged Children and Women Assistance UPCAWA Bamenda
Cameroon, Cameroon
*Corresponding
author: Samuel Nambile Cumber, Department of Nursing
& Public Health, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.
Tel: + 237771459765;
Email: samuelcumber@yahoo.com
Received Date: 25 November, 2017; Accepted Date: 31
January, 2018; Published Date: 09 February, 2018
Citation: Cumber SN, Jaila S, Bongkiynuy N (2018) Food Insecurity and Poor
Complementary Feeding Practice Among Young Children in South Africa. J Trop Med
Health JTMH-108. DOI: 10.29011/JTMH-108.000008
Food insecurity and poor complementary feeding practice among
young children in South Africa (SA) is a major
development problem that is caused by numerous factors such as poverty and
xenophobic tendencies, to say the least. Several efforts have been put in place
to alleviate food insecurity in South Africa. Despite these efforts, the
situation continues to prevail and sometimes even increase in the contemporary
human society. It is therefore imperative that food insecurity gets addressed
appropriately, explaining the motivation for this editorial whose main
objectives are to document on the factors influencing food insecurity and poor
complimentary feeding practice among young children in South Africa, besides,
recommending strategies to address the problem.
Keywords: Children; Feeding;
Food Insecurity; Poor Complementary; South Africa
1. Introduction
The uncertainty as to when and how to get your next meal is
described as food insecurity, which has led to stunted growth and high burden
of infectious diseases among children in SA [1]. Malnutrition remains a
major health burden globally. In 2010, 7.6 million children across the
world died before reaching their fifth birthday. There is evidence that
micronutrients deficiencies are of public health concern among children. In
South Africa the cause of hunger and malnutrition is due to inadequate access to
food by certain categories of individuals and households in the population and
not the shortage of food. Food insecurity is a continuous threat for more than
a third of the population and not a short-term event. The South African
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES) revealed in 2013
that 26% of the population was actually facing hunger and a further 28% were at
risk. To date the focus in South Africa has been on exclusive breastfeeding
from birth to 6 months, with less attention on feeding of the infants beyond 6
months. Optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) plays an
important role not only in child survival, but also in growth, development,
long-term health and a nation’s economic development and productivity [2].
Despite the marked improvement in South Africa in the prevalence of stunting
and malnutrition among children under five years of age, South Africa still
record a high rate of malnutrition in children, thereby compromising child
health. Underweight remains one of the country’s most common nutritional
disorders, affecting almost 1 out of every 10 South African children, due to
food insecurity.it is against this backdrop that this editorial has been
written whose main aim is to document on the factors influencing food
insecurity and complimentary feeding among young children in South Africa,
besides recommending solutions to improve on the nutritional status of young
children in South Africa
2. Methodology
This was a desk study in which relevant articles were searched
based on key words of the topic to get answers to the study questions. The
results are summarized as on figures below
2.1. Study Questions
1. What are the factors
influencing food insecurity and poor complimentary feeding among young children
in South Africa?
2. What possible
strategies could be implemented to tackle the problem?
3. Result and
Discussions
Results are further described in the subsections below.
3.1. Factors Influencing Food Insecurity and Poor Complimentary
Feeding Among Young Children in South Africa
Poverty and food insecurity manifest themselves differently in
rural and urban areas. In South Africa 28.3% of children are at risk of
hunger while 26% of the population regularly experiences hunger [3]. The
immediate causes of malnutrition in South Africa are illness and insufficient
food intake. In terms of food intake, the low rates of breastfeeding in South
Africa contribute significantly to the problem. This highlights the fact that
in South Africa, mixed-feeding is the norm which displaces optimum breast milk
and introduces inferior food quality and possible contaminants. According GHS
[4], in South Africa, 19% of children do not have access to sufficient food.
Compounding this situation is the phenomenon of child-headed households, with
young people facing serious dilemmas in their quest to provide for their
siblings and is faced to choose between looking after their siblings or
engaging in Low-paid work, and in most cases, end up choosing the latter. They
are often exploited by other community members, being underpaid for casual
manual labour and some are forced to drop out of school, and this feeds into
the vicious cycle of food insecurity. Another cause of food insecurity and poor
complementary feeding practice among children in South Africa is poverty and
hunger particularly shaped by the legacy of apartheid. One aspect of that
system was the deliberate disposition of assets, such as land and livestock
from members of the black majority making them poorer and thus food in secured.
Majority of South African children in rural communities have
‘bad access to good food and good access to bad food’. In South Africa,
childhood stunting has increased to 26.5%, obesity levels are amongst the
highest in the world at 42% for women, and children are unable to concentrate
at school due to lack of nutritious foods. The supermarkets in townships are
reported to stock food of low-quality making healthy choices difficult (key
informant, December 2013) [5]. The underlying causes of poor complementary
feeding practices among South African children and food insecurity are poverty,
poor household food security, inadequate maternal and child care and poor
access to basic health services and adequate sanitation, clean water and refuse
removal [6]. UNICEF’s efforts in combating food insecurity among children have
been laudable. Global estimates reveal that the number of stunted children
under 5 declined from 169million in 2010 to 159million in 2014. Despite this,
SA still has a high burden of malnutrition among children due to food
insecurity. African countries (including SA) have made under investments in the
fight against food insecurity leading to many consequences. Global pressures of
climate change, loss of ecosystems, increase in population growth, ongoing
humanitarian crisis in parts of Africa (thereby increasing the number of
refugee children), and have exacerbated food shortage, limiting complimentary
feeding and increasing the prevalence of malnutrition [7] Moreover, poverty,
food insecurity and poor adherence to complimentary feeding recommendations
have a nexus. There are poverty related causes of food insecurity; besides
this, the lack of maternal care which some young children face in SA are
equally risk factors of food insecurity. The uncertainty as to when and how to
get your next meal is described as food insecurity, which has led to stunted
growth and high burden of infectious diseases among children in SA [1].
3.2. Recommended Strategies to Address Food Insecurity and Promote
Complimentary Feeding Practice among Young Children
Feeding messages have to expand beyond breastfeeding to include
toddlers and preschool children. Besides this, an effective food supply system
needs to be put in place by the SA government and humanitarian agencies in
order to ensure adequate food supply to the children. Xenophobic attacks on
children (especially foreigners and refugees) in SA must be viewed as inhumane
and antisocial and discouraged in all its form to avoid discrimination of
refugee children. Training of healthcare professionals needs to be strengthened
and ongoing to ensure that correct information is imparted to the public. An
Act could include a mechanism to hold government and stakeholders accountable,
including businesses and other institutions, local or national. The government
should open the latest Food and Nutrition Security policy paper for
consultation with all stakeholders, with a view to addressing gaps.
4. Summary of Key Findings
- Poverty among families
in SA contributes to food insecurity.
- Crises in other parts
of Africa have led to an increase in the number of children to SA, leading to
food inadequacy.
- Limited investments in
food security by SA government also contributes to the food shortage among
young children and poor adherence to complimentary feeding practices.
- Limited access to
basic health and also nutritious foods have been identified as factors
promoting food insecurity.
5. Conclusion
Food insecurity among young children in SA remains a problem.
Several factors contribute to it. Addressing the problem requires a holistic
multisector approach and can greatly improve on the nutritional status of these
children if fully implemented.
Figure 1:
Diagrammatic Illustration of Factors
Influencing Food insecurity and Poor Complementary Feeding Practice among Young
Children in SA [8].
- Voster HH (2010) The Link between Poverty and Malnutrition: A South African Perspective”. Health SA Gesondheid 15: 1-6.
- United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) (2011) Programming Guide: Infant and Young Child Feeding, New York.
- SANHANES (2013) ‘The South Africa National Health and Nutrition Survey’, Human Sciences Research Council and Medical Research Council, Pretoria.
- Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, et al. (2012) Global, Regional, and National Causes of Child Mortality: An Updated Systematic Analysis for 2010 With Time Trends Since 2000. The Lancet 369: 2151-2161.
- FAO (2014) The State of Food Insecurity in the World – Food Security Indicators.
- Motadi SA, Mbhatsani V, Shilote KO (2016) Food Fortification Knowledge in Women of Child-Bearing Age at Nkowankowa Township in Mopani District, Limpopo Province, South Africa’. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med 8: e1-e5.
- UNICEF for Ever Child. Annual Results Report 2015.
- Müller O, Krawinkel M (2005) Malnutrition and Health in Developing Countries. CMAJ 173: 279-286.