1.                   Introduction

Viruses, parasites and bacteria destroy cell and tissues by direct action and indirectly eliciting inflammation. Allergy and insulin resistance worsen and maintain inflammation. Blood glucose (BG) does this directly (?) and provoking unwanted reflexes. Lipids, mainly cholesterol sustain vascular diseases (or only mark damages?). Hypertension signals and contributes to vascular diseases. I prefer to think to a unique final way of damaging: the immune mechanisms of damage. Immune cells and antibodies are predisposed to destroy molecules or structures that are born outside the human body and are demolished in all tissues. These events develop also in the respiratory activity. Absorptive function is so important that is preserved by transferring these immune molecules or structures in all body tissues for elimination. Intestinal mucosa retains the killing function to limit the outside aggression. Killing invading viruses or bacteria marks the start of convalescence. High energy availability and high Blood Glucose (BG) produce a similar state of convalescence and of poor health through reflexes. Digestion becomes slow and immunogenic bacteria increase in number, including immunogenic species. More than half immune body cells reside in intestinal mucosa. These immune cells kill bacteria but do not eliminate biochemical components of bacteria. Antigens spread throughout the body eliciting or increasing local, initial, silent inflammations mainly in vascular sites. The inflammatory settlements produce infarctions and (in the long term) malignances. This insight ceases to be an academician’s exercise if we conceive plasma cholesterol as a molecule that often is useful. Cholesterol constitute about half cell membranes. It may signal the unpleasant circumstance of an expanding inflammation and of an active cell proliferation as well as showing an excess lipid or saturated lipids intake. We may wish to have low plasma cholesterol, although diminishing its plasma level by drugs appears to be no more effective than head immersion by a strut. This opinion derives from findings of no decrease of mortality by drug lowering plasma cholesterol. Instead, I always obtained recovery of intestinal and also bronchial disorders after assuming that relapses were due to increased stimulation of bowel mucosa. I eliminated any permanence of nutrients in the bowel by eating suspension until Initial Hunger arousal: this was the powerful factor in recovery. This assumption is useful to spare money in illusory drugs like statins.

2.       Keywords: Blood Glucose; Bowel Disorders; Diabetes; Energy Availability; Energy Balance; Energy Intake; Fattening; Hunger; Insulin Resistance; Limit in Energy Intake; Malnutrition; Meal Onset; Overweight

3.       Acknowledgements

The Author acknowledges the indispensable collaboration in writing with David Lowel-Smith (NZ) and Riccardo Bianchi (NY), and the strategic, statistical support by Cutberto Garza (Rector, Boston College), Giuliano Parrini (Professor of Physics, Firenze) and Andrea Giommi (Professor of Statistics, Firenze).

The here summarized researches were supported by the Italian Ministry of University, Research, Science and Technology grants for the years 1998-2002 and by ONLUS Nutrition e Prevention, Firenze, for the years 2003-2012. This review has been shown in: “Modifying Eating Behavior: Novel Approaches for Reducing Body Weight, Preventing Weight Regain and Reducing Chronic Disease Risk” ASN’s Annual Meeting & Scientific Sessions at Experimental Biology 2014, April 26-30. Moreover, in Rome 2015, London 2016, Milano 2017. No Conflict of Interests.

This editorial is supported by the following video:

Meal by meal energy balance and level in blood and body tissues

This video is helpful to those who have poor health and want to learn sensations of hunger and sensations of lowering blood glucose. Three events per day are associated with a decrease of energy intake (20%-30%) and mean BG. Three lowering events per day as a habit diminish overall inflammation, suppress functional disorders, fattening/insulin resistance and prevent vascular and malignant diseases. The National Children’s Study- N Engl J Med (2015) 372: 1486-1487: Obesity, diabetes, asthma, autism, birth defects, dyslexia, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia have increased in children in the last half century. We attribute these increases to expanded overall inflammation that starts with an increase of bacteria and bacteria species in small intestine.

The complete (is completeness possible in Medicine?) assumption is reported in the enclosed Video. I can provide all references that are not reported in the video. A feedback of whatever nature is welcomed.